Little Skate Characteristics and Information

The little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) is also known as the summer skate, little common skate, common skate, hedgehog skate, and tobacco box skate. They are classified as elasmobranchs, which means they are related to sharks and rays. Little skates are an Atlantic Ocean species that that live on the ocean bottom. In some areas, they are harvested and used as bait for other fisheries.   Description Like winter skates, little skates have a rounded snout and pectoral wings. They can grow to a length of about 21 inches and a weight of about 2 pounds. The dorsal side of a little skate may be dark brown, gray or light and dark brown in color. They may have dark spots on their dorsal surface. The ventral surface (underside) is lighter in coloration and may be white or light gray. Little skates have thorny spines which vary in size and location depending on age and sex. This species can be confused with the winter skate, which has a similar coloration and also lives in the North Atlantic Ocean.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ElasmobranchiiSubclass: NeoselachiiInfraclass: BatoideaOrder: RajiformesFamily: RajidaeGenus:  LeucorajaSpecies:  erinacea Habitat and Distribution Little skates are found in the North Atlantic Ocean from southeastern Newfoundland, Canada to North Carolina, U.S.   These are a bottom-dwelling species that prefer shallow waters but may be found in water depths up to about 300 feet. They frequent sandy or gravel-covered bottoms. Feeding The little skate has a varied diet that includes crustaceans, amphipods, polychaetes, mollusks, and fish. Unlike the similar-looking winter skate, which seems to be more active during the night, little skates are more active during the day.   Reproduction Little skates reproduce sexually, with internal fertilization. One obvious difference between male and female skates is that males have  claspers  (near their pelvic fins, that lie on each side of the tail) that are used to transfer sperm to fertilize the females eggs. The eggs are laid in a capsule commonly called mermaids purse. These capsules, which are about 2 inches long, have tendrils on each corner so that they can anchor to seaweed. The female produces 10 to 35 eggs per year. Within the capsule, the young are nourished by egg yolk. The gestation period is several months, after which the young skates hatch. They are 3 to 4 inches long when they are born and look like miniature adults.   Conservation and Human Uses Little skates are listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. They may be captured for food and the wings sold as imitation scallops or for use as other dishes. More often, they are harvested to be used as bait for lobster and eel traps. According to NOAA, that harvest occurs in Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland. References and Further Information: Bailly, N. 2014. Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill, 1825). In: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2014) FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species.Kittle, K. Little Skate. Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed February 28, 2015.NOAA Fisheries: Greater Atlantic Region. What Were Doing to Learn More About Skates. Accessed February 28, 2015.Sulak, K.J., MacWhirter, P.D., Luke, K.E., Norem, A.D., Miller, J.M., Cooper, J.A., and L.E. Harris. Identification Guide to Skates (Family Rajidae) of the Canadian Atlantic and Adjacent Regions. Accessed February 28, 2015.Sulikowski, J., Kulka, D.W. Gedamke, T. 2009. Leucoraja erinacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Downloaded on 28 February 2015.

Choosing the Best Tactical Flashlight - 1359 Words

h1Choosing the Best Tactical Flashlight/h1 One of the most important steps in self-defense and gun safety is knowing your targets location and what is beyond and in front of it. Not practicing this vital step can result in severe injury or even the accidental death of an innocent person. However, it can be extremely difficult to practice this in a dark area. That is why tactical flashlights have become so popular with gun owners. Theyre not only useful for illuminating the area that youre trying to protect, but they can also be so bright that they can temporarily blind or stun the threat. If you want the best tactical flashlight for your gun, focus on these important aspects while shopping. h2Selecting Type/h2 There are typically two types of tactical flashlights available for nearly any gun. These types are hunting and military tactical flashlights. Their purposes are quite clear as the hunting flashlight is more for hunting while the military one is more for combat purposes, but you dont have to focus on those specific aspects to make your choice. You should weigh the specific features of each flashlight instead. h3Hunting/h3 Tactical flashlights meant for hunting are very straightforward. Theyre meant to illuminate large areas and possibly blind or stun certain prey for an easier shot. These flashlights dont have any other real options besides a changing light color and brightness control, but theyre very useful for hunting purposes. If youreShow MoreRelatedFinding the Best Flashlight Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesh1Choosing the Best Flashlight/h1 If youve ever bought or considered buying a flashlight, its likely that you havent thought much about what kind of flashlight to buy. Considering that flashlights are a very common purchase for nearly every household, this kind of mindset is not surprising. 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“Good Old Country People”-Pride Is Stronger Than You Think Essay Free Essays

â€Å"Good Old Country People† –Pride is Stronger Than Most Think Pride throughout literature has been to a great extent manipulated by writers in positive and negative visible radiations to reflect their intended intent. In the bulk of Flannery O’Conner‘s narratives. characters who have pride exude more haughtiness than they do assurance. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Good Old Country People†-Pride Is Stronger Than You Think Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now and as a consequence these characters condescend towards those of lower criterions. In â€Å"Good Country People. † O’Conner onslaughts pride to be a negative influence on society in which the cardinal character Hulga has so much pride that she condescends towards others. Here. Hulga condescends towards her female parent. Mrs. Freeman. and the bible salesman by handling them as idiots and is finally punished for it by losing her leg. O’Conner defines Hulga’s pride but lets the reader determine and assail how negative it is and hence how appropriate her penalty is for her actions. A clear illustration of the pride in herself that Hulga ( besides known as Joy ) displays is seen by the manner that she believes she is better than the state. â€Å"Joy had made it kick that if it had non been this status. she would be far from these ruddy hills and good state people. She would be in a university talking to people who knew what she was speaking about† ( 175 ) . Hulga clearly indicates in this statement that she would instead non hold to cover with naif state people. and would instead speak to those which are every bit smart as she is. O’Conner merely describes Hulga’s feelings about the state but leaves it up to the readers to make up one’s mind whether such feelings are the right 1s to hold. The natural reaction of the reader that O’Conner would be seeking to bring on is one that rejects the feelings. Ideally the reader would see that Hulga is non handling the state people as peers to university pupils and hence see that Hulga is condescending in a manner that makes her experience superior while exudating negative pride. Another illustration of the manner O’Conner lets the reader make up one’s mind how negative Hulga’s pride is can be shown when she talks to the bible salesman. When Hulga is confronted by the salesman about non believing in God. the salesman claims that she isn’t â€Å"saved† because of it. Hulga so pompously replies that â€Å"I’m saved and you are damned† ( 182 ) . This statement entirely clearly shows how much better Hulga thinks she is than the naif bible salesman. She thinks that although she doesn’t believe in God she is much smarter than the salesman. and therefore she is blessed for being smart and the salesman is damned for being dense. The reader is so one time once more enticed to dislike Hulga’s personality and the pride that goes along with it. In the terminal she is punished for her iniquitous self-importance when she loses her leg. O’Conner so lets the reader non merely make up one’s mind whether the penalty is right after seeing Hulga’s disdainful nature. but besides to what extent Hulga should be punished. Should she stop up acquiring aid back to her place or merely creep her manner back? Throughout â€Å"Good Country People† . Flannery O’Conner finally is assailing pride. and she does do it clear that she is making so. However she does this through the emotional and mental rejection of such pride from the reader. How to cite â€Å"Good Old Country People†-Pride Is Stronger Than You Think Essay, Essay examples

History & Philosophy of Natural Medicine-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the History and Philosophy of Natural Medicine. Answer: Homeopathy is an alternative medicine system whose aim is to cure symptoms of a disease rather than curing the disease itself. This medical system is a pseudoscience and opponents argue that it is incorrectly presented as having a scientific rationale behind it (Roberts et al., 2016). The present paper describes the underlying theoretical structure that homoeopathic medicine system is based on. Further, the contribution of cultural and historical aspects to the development of this form of medicine is highlighted. Lastly, how this medical system is practised today and how is differ from its historical usage is analysed. According to Frei-Erb et al., (2016) homoeopathy system was brought into existence by Samuel Hahnemann who believed in the doctrine of like cure like. His claim was that an agent causing symptoms of a disease could cure the same type of symptoms in people who are unhealthy or sick. The belief behind the medical system is that the underlying cause of disease is certain phenomena that are responsible for causing complications in the body. The homoeopathic preparations capable of addressing these phenomena, as suggested by Hahnemann. The preparations are made through the process of homoeopathic dilution that considers diluting a substance in a repetitive manner in distal water or alcohol while bashing the containing vessel aginst an elastic material. Dilution is done till the original substances molecules are not into existence. The dilutions are prescribed to the patients on the basis of the personal traits, symptoms, life history, psychological state and physical state of the patient. After its first announcement in the year 1814, homeopathy created a warfare between itself and orthodox medicine. Opponents had the belief that homeopathy medicine was not to be considered as a reasonable and convinceable treatment system since the tenets and code of belief regarding how the drugs work were opposed by different discoveries across scientific world. However, Hahnemann insisted that the medicine could retain a diversified therapeutic power and cure almost all forms of diseases, as announced by him in 1828. However, his followers brought modification to the claims so that it became accepted by orthodox medical practitioners. In 1903, the American Medical Association considered including homoeopathy within its domains. He Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1939 in the USA allowed homoeopathic medicines to be sold openly on the market. There has been much evolution and revival of the use of homeopathic medicine. In 2002, research indicated that the use of such remedies has inc reased by almost 500% in the last seven years (Roberts et al., 2016). At present, the diseases that are mostly considered for treatment by homeopathic medicine include asthma, allergic rhinitis, depression, otitis media, headache neurotic disorders, hypertension, non-specific allergy, dermatitis and arthritis. Previously the medical system was used for curing only a few diseases. A number of countries across the globe have engaged in research practices to highlight the optimal benefits that can be gained from this medical system. Some practitioners have to opine that randomised controlled trials have established the efficiency and efficacy of homeopathic medicines. However, some other groups of scholars have pointed out that homeopathy has a negligible therapeutic effect and this is more prominent since the randomised controlled trials had limitations of suitable study methodology (Mathie et al., 2013). In Australia, the homeopathic profession has gained major milestones in the past one decade. Thus, the profession has achieved the type of self-regulat ion and organisation suggested by the Government. The homeopathic profession, together with the Federal Government, had founded the National Competency Standards in Homeopathy in the year 1999. Such approaches are found in many other countries as well (Wardle et al., 2013). References Frei-Erb, M., von Ammon, K., Torchetti, L. (2016). Use of homeopathy in patients with organ transplant in Switzerland: first results and further steps.Homeopathy,105(1), 25. Mathie, R. T., Hacke, D., Clausen, J., Nicolai, T., Riley, D. S., Fisher, P. (2013). Randomised controlled trials of homeopathy in humans: characterising the research journal literature for systematic review.Homeopathy,102(1), 3-24. Roberts, E. R., Tournier, A. L., Chatfield, K., Viksveen, P., Mathie, R. T. (2016). How safe is homeopathy? An analysis of the Posadzki et al. 2012 safety paper and fresh review of the same literature.Homeopathy,105(1), 20. Wardle, J., Adams, J., Sibbritt, D. (2013). Homeopathy in rural Australian primary health care: a survey of general practitioner referral and practice in rural and regional New South Wales, Australia.Homeopathy,102(3), 199-206.